Joyful Sounds Choir

Joyful Sounds October 2018
October 2018

Choir Rest

Due to the pandemic, Joyful Sounds is holding neither rehearsals nor performances in-person. Some of us have been meeting occasionally using Zoom. We recently tried rehearsing outdoors at church with masks, in some competition with AWANA games.
The choir rest has become choir coma. Church leadership has terminated the position of choir director.

Performance Colors

Our visual presentation does affect our ministry. Some favorable feedback has motivated us to try to coordinate our clothing colors. The purpose is to keep our visual appearance from being a distraction without the drastic measure of choir robes. Current suggestions:

  • First Sunday blues, lavenders, purples
  • Second Sunday greens, blues
  • Third Sunday Spring/Summer: pastels (light pinks, yellows, blues, lavenders, greens)
  • Third Sunday Fall/Winter: jewel tones (solid deeper colors like sapphire, garnet, emerald, royal blue, deep purples)
  • Communion Sunday (fourth or fifth) black and white only
  • Fourth or Fifth Sunday (if not communion) free choice
  • Neutral colors (any except communion Sunday)
    • black, grey, white, cream, brown, beige
    • Solids are always more neutral than prints.
  • Special Sundays like Easter and Christmas may have their own colors.

Summer Choir 2019

Dave Ruder is directing an informal summer choir. The only rehearsals are Sunday mornings, first previewing a piece at 8:30 for the following Sunday, then at 8:40 practicing the piece for the 9am service. It’s a low-investment way of trying Joyful Sounds on for size. Tentative schedule:

  •  6/ 2 Tallis Canon
  •  6/ 9 Be Still My Soul
  •  6/16 Adoration
  •  6/23 Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven
  •  7/14 Day By Day
  •  7/28 The Lord My Pasture Will Prepare (Psalm 23) #985
  •  8/ 4 On Eagle’s Wings (Psalm 91) (En Sus Alas)
  •  8/11 Psalm 150 #12
  •  8/18 We Are Singing for the Lord is Our Light
  •  8/25 The Wonderful Cross

Schedule (past and future)

The number after the date is the folio number in our music list. (music list by title). Also this music from Saratoga Presbyterian. (by title).

2020

  •  1/26  822 Come To The Water, John Foley
  •  2/23 1084 There Is a Balm in Gilead, Lloyd Larson
  •  ?/??  110 Create In Me A Clean Heart, O God, Carl F. Mueller
  •  5/30-31   Cupertino Chorus Magnus (Valley Church not participating)
  •  ?/??  665 At The River, Aaron Copeland
  •  ?/?? 1085 Jubilate, Alleluia!, Mary Lynn Lightfoot
  •  ?/?? 1086 Concertato on “Thine Is the Glory”, Handel, arr. Hal H. Hopson
  •  ?/?? 1087 Oh Happy Day, Edwin R. Hawkins, arr. Roger Emerson
  •  ?/?? 1072 Sing on! Dance on!, Fred Bock
  •  ?/??  656 I Know That My Redeemer Lives, Gilbert Martin
  •  ?/?? 1063 An Old Irish Blessing
  •  ?/??   68 Lord Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace, Anna Laura Page
  •  ?/??   26 We Are Singing, For The Lord Is Our Light, Hal Hopson
  •  ?/??  147 The Lord Is My Light, Craig Courtney
  •  ?/??  295 Sing To The Lord A Marvelous Song, Butler
  •  ?/??  323 Now Sing We Joyfully Unto God, Gordon Young
  •  ?/??  483 The Lord Is My Shepherd, John Rutter
  •  ?/??  826 Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence, Anna Laura Page

2019

  •  1/20 1068 The Lamb, Elaine Hagenberg
  •  1/27 1071 Out of the Depths, Richard Frost
  •  2/10  151 With a Voice of Singing
  •  2/24 1066 Ah, Holy Jesus, Donald McCullough
  •  3/10 1076 Walk in the Light, Brandon Waddles
  •  4/ 7 1077 What Does the Lord Require?, Eric Nelson
  •  4/14  727 Hosanna (Palm Sunday)
  •  4/21  916 Christ Is Alive (Easter)
  •  4/21 1079 Alleluia! Give Thanks to the Risen Lord, Fishel/Raney
  •  5/12 342 Let Heavenly Music Fill This Place
  •  5/19 1067 We Are Called, David Haas/Mark Hayes
  •  5/26 1083 Our Father, Nikolai Keprou, Sr.
  •  6/1-2     Cupertino Chorus Magnus (Valley Church not participating)
  •  9/29  988 Lord Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace, Lindh
  • 10/13  536 I Want Jesus to Walk with me, Haan
  • 10/27  743 Wondrous Love, Alice Parker & Robert Shaw
  • 11/10 1082 God So Loved the World, John Stainer
  • 11/24  785 Come, Ye Thankful People, Come, brass, Courtney
  • 12/ 8 1081 O Come O Come Emmanuel, John Behnke (hymn 245 arrangement)
  • 12/15    5 Glory to God, Handel (from Messiah)
  • 12/15 1080 It Came Upon a Midnight Clear, Culloton

2018

  •  1/21 1051 God Be With You, Uzee Brown, Jr.
  •  1/28 1048 Come to Me and Find Rest, Kevin A. Memley
  •  2/11 1047 O Love That Will Not Let Me Go, arr. Molly Ijames
  •  2/18 1053 All Creatures of our God and King, St. Francis of Assisi
  •  2/25  283 The King of Love My Shepherd Is
  •  3/11  392 Abide in Him, Shirley Porter
  •  3/18 1054 Let This Day be Filled with Wonder, David Gambrell & Steven Strite
  •  3/25      The King Is Coming Today! from Hallelujah! What a Savior!
  •  4/ 1      Hallelujah! What a Savior! (Gathered in the Upper Room; Behold the Lamb!; Hallelujah! What a Savior!)
  •  4/15 1059 Without His Cross, J. Martin
  •  4/22   67 God is Our Refuge, Allen Pote
  •  4/29  861 (also 1058) Look At the World, Rutter
  •  5/13 1056 How Can I Keep from Singing, Gilpin
  •  5/20 1033 This is my Father’s World, Elaine Hagenberg
  •  6/2-3     Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •  6/ 3 1033 This is my Father’s World, Elaine Hagenberg
  •  6/ 3 1061 Lacrimosa, Mozart
  •  6/ 3 1032 Pilgrims’ Hymn, Paulus
  •  6/ 3  167 Nearer, Still Nearer, Morris/Forrest (only if another church joins)
  •  6/ 3  861 (also 1058) Look At the World, Rutter
  •  6/ 3 1056 How Can I Keep from Singing, Gilpin
  •  6/ 3 1057 Invocation, Rollo Dilworth
  •  6/ 3 1059 Without His Cross, J. Martin
  •  6/ 3 1060 Yih Yu’ l’Ratson (May the Words of my Mouth), Stanley M. Hoffman
  •  6/ 3 1049 All Bells in Paradise, John Rutter
  •  6/ 3 1062 Historic America The Beautiful, David Herberg
  •  6/ 3 1063 An Old Irish Blessing, Rollo Dillworth
  •  6/ 3 1064 Come Thou Holy Spirit, Tschesnokoff
  •  6/ 3 1065 How Great Thou Art, Stuart K. Hine/Dan Forrest
  • 10/14 1032 Pilgrims’ Hymn, Paulus
  • 10/21 1074 Peace Like a River, Craig Carnahan
  • 10/28 1070 Shall We Gather at the River, Ann Laura Page
  • 11/18 1073 For the Beauty of the Earth, John Leavitt
  • 12/ 2  716 Lo How a Rose ‘ere Blooming
  • 12/ 9  322 What Child is This?
  • 12/16  929 Hark the Herald Angels Sing
  • 12/16 1078 Joyfully Sing, Hal H. Hopson

2017

  •  2/ 5  939 When Peace Like a River, Bock
  •  2/19 1034 You Are Mine
  •  2/26  655 I Sing the Greatness of Our God, Bock
  •  3/12 1033 This is my Father’s World, Elaine Hagenberg
  •  3/26 1043 A Gaelic Blessing, John Rutter
  •  4/ 9 1040 I Will Sing With The Spirit, John Rutter (Palm Sunday)
  •  4/16      And the Son Arose, Easter (Dawn’s Early Light, The Lord’s Supper, The Crucifixion, And the Son Arose, The Chosen One)
  •  4/30 1038 Bless The Lord O My Soul, Ippolitof-Ivanoff
  •  5/ 7  988 Lord Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace
  •  5/14 1022 Sing A Jubilant Song, Pote
  •  5/21 1042 Come, My Way, My Truth, My Life, Warner
  •  5/28 1039 Wade in the Water, arr. Rollo Dilworth
  •  6/ 4 1041 Spirit Sing, J. Martin (Sunday morning)
  •  6/ 4 1037 Sanctus No. III, Bach/Stocker
  •  6/ 4  655 I Sing the Greatness of Our God, Bock
  •  6/ 4  544 Go Tell It on the Mountain
  •  6/ 4  988 Lord Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace
  •  6/ 4   44 The Beatitudes, Evans
  •  6/3-4     Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •  6/ 4 1038 Bless The Lord O My Soul, Ippolitof-Ivanoff
  •  6/ 4 1039 Wade in the Water, arr. Rollo Dilworth
  •  6/ 4 1040 I Will Sing With The Spirit, John Rutter
  •  6/ 4 1041 Spirit Sing, J. Martin
  •  6/ 4 1042 Come, My Way, My Truth, My Life, Warner
  •  6/ 4 1043 A Gaelic Blessing, John Rutter
  •  6/ 4 1044 Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Irving Berlin/Ringwald
  •  6/ 4 1022 Sing A Jubilant Song, Pote
  •  9/13   First rehearsal of the season
  • 10/08 1050 I’m Glad, Margaret Pleasant Douroux
  • 10/15  430 Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee, Hayes
  • 10/22 1052 Hail True Body, Edward Elgar
  • 11/12 1046 Down in the River to Pray, arr. Marc A. Hafso
  • 11/19 1045 Give Thanks and Sing, arr. Jay Rouse
  • 12/03-17   Sing Joy to All the World! (Christmas)
  • 12/ 3      Joy: A Light Shall Shine
  • 12/10      Joy: Prepare the Way
  • 12/17      Joy: Tidings; David’s Royal City; Glory

2016

  •  1/17 962 Now Thank We All Our God
  •  1/31 981 Grace
  •  2/ 7     Grant Us They Peace
  •  2/28     I Will Sing Praise
  •  3/13 A23 You Are Holy
  •  3/20 A22 Sing A Jubilant Song, Pote
  •  3/20     Messiah sing (full)
  •  3/21     Messiah sing (excerpts)
  •  3/27 C09 Crown Him with Many Crowns, arr. Courtney
  •  3/27 753 Lift High the Cross (CCM)
  •  3/27     Easter cantata selections pages 12, 43, 49
  •  4/17 A24 Locus Iste, Bruckner
  •  5/ 1 A20 Grace
  •  5/ 8 A19 I Will Sing Praise
  •  5/15 A28 Face the Cross (CCM)
  •  5/22 A27 Sing and Be Not Silent (CCM)
  •  5/29 A29 What the Lord Has Done in Me (CCM)
  •  6/ 5  56 How Lovely Is They Dwelling Place (CCM)
  •  6/ 5  48 O Sifuni Mungu (CCM)
  •  6/ 5 753 Lift High the Cross (CCM)
  •  6/ 5 A23 You Are Holy (CCM)
  •  6/ 5 A25 Hallelujah Amen (CCM)
  •  6/ 5 A26 Nothin’ Gonna Stumble My Feet (CCM)
  •  6/ 5 A30 Make a Joyful Noise (CCM)
  •  6/4-5    Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •  9/18 342 Let Heavenly Music Fill This Place
  • 10/16 536 I Want Jesus to Walk with me, Haan
  • 10/23 427 God so Loved the World, Stainer, arr. Bock
  • 10/30 A35 To God All Praise and Glory, Gilbert M. Martin
  • 11/ 6 145 Praise God from Whom All Blessings Flow, organ, Larson
  • 11/20 355 Canticle of Thanksgiving
  • 12/ 4     Canticle in Candlelight (Christmas) Processional
  • 12/11     CiC Advent Longing
  • 12/17     10am rehearsal with orchestra
  • 12/18     CiC Prologue, Prepare and Celebrate, Come, Long Expected Jesus; Joy to the World; Christmas Madrigal; Tune Your Heart to Christmas; Joy to the World

2015

  •  1/18 865 Be Still My Soul
  •  2/ 1 818 When in Our Music God is Glorified
  •  2/ 8 878 Great Is Thy Faithfulness
  •  3/ 1 434 Devotion
  •  3/ 8 875 Savior, Like a Shepherd, Lead us
  •  3/29 767 Now Enter Your Jerusalem (Palm Sunday)
  •  4/ 3 890 Were You There? (Good Friday)
  •  4/ 5     The Day of Resurrection, Lead On, O King Eternal (Easter)
  •  4/ 5 753 Lift High the Cross
  •  4/19     A Christian Home (hymn arrangement)
  •  4/26     God So Loved the World (CCM)
  •  5/10 818 When in Our Music God is Glorified
  •  5/17 165 Fill-a Me Up!
  •  5/24 671 One Faith, One Hope, One Lord
  •  5/??     Lord, I Lift Your Name on High (or a CCM piece)
  •  5/24     Praise the Mighty Lord Forever, Mozart (or other CCM piece)
  •  5/31     Ave Verum Corpus, Mozart (CCM)
  •  5/31     (or no anthem)
  •  6/ 7     Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •  6/ 7 818 When in Our Music God is Glorified
  •  6/ 7 165 Fill-a Me Up!
  •  6/ 7     God So Loved the World (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Ave Verum Corpus, Mozart (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Sing to the Lord (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Praise the Mighty Lord Forever, Mozart (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Crown Him with Many Crowns, arr. Courtney (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Psalm 23, Basler (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Silence the Stones, Courtney (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     Come Into His Presence, Baird arr. Cymbala (CCM)
  •  6/ 7     The Lord Bless You and Keep You, John Rutter (CCM)
  •  9/27     Praise the Mighty Lord Forever, Mozart
  • 10/25     Silence the Stones, Courtney
  • 11/ 1     Psalm 23, Basler
  • 11/ 8     The Lord Bless You and Keep You, John Rutter
  • 11/22 355 Canticle of Thanksgiving
  • 12/ 6     Canticle in Candlelight (Christmas) Processional
  • 12/13     CiC Prepare and Celebrate
  • 12/20     CiC Come, Long Expected Jesus; Joy to the World; Christmas Madrigal; Silent Night

2014

  •  1/12 666 God Gave us Music (part)
  •  1/26 403 Bread of the World, in Mercy Broken
  •  2/ 9 377 The Majesty and Glory of Your Name
  •  2/26     Service Worship Conference rehearsal (not at Valley)
  •  3/ 2 377 The Majesty and Glory of Your Name?
  •  3/ 7     Service Worship Conference rehearsal (not at Valley) 6:30-9pm
  •  3/ 8     Service Worship Conference
  •  3/ 9 934 O God Our Help in Ages Past
  •  3/16     Leaning on the Everlasting Arms
  •  3/23     Never Once
  •  3/30 401 O Magnify the Lord
  •  4/13     Prelude and Palm Processional
  •  4/13     Messiah sing (full)
  •  4/14     Messiah sing (excerpts)
  •  4/18  19 Even the Heavens Are Weeping (Good Friday)
  •  4/18 174 When I Survey the Wondrous Cross (Good Friday)
  •  4/19 5-7pm Easter cantata dress rehearsal
  •  4/20     Wondrous Love (Easter cantata)
  •  4/20     All the Earth Rejoices (Easter cantata)
  •  4/20     Jesus Shall Reign (Easter cantata)
  •  5/ 4 666 God Gave Us Music
  •  5/ 4     2pm SFS Church Day
  •  5/11 843 Sing Praise to the Lord (with brass)
  •  5/18 404 We Will See Him as He Is
  •  5/25     If We Ever Needed the Lord Before
  •  5/31-6/1 Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •           choir summer recess
  • 10/12 719 Rejoice Ye Pure in Heart
  • 11/23 962 Now Thank We All Our God
  • 12/ 7 322 What Child is This?
  • 12/21 943 Angels We Have Heard on High (with strings)
  • 12/21 633 Jazz Gloria
  • 12/21 926 Mary Did You Know?

2013

  •  1/13     Soon-Ah Will Be Done
  •  1/20 109 Beautiful Savior
  •  1/27     Bread of the World (hymn)
  •  2/ 3 666 God Gave us Music
  •  2/10 729 To the Heavenly Host
  •  2/24 392 Abide in Him
  •  3/10 262?Day by Day
  •  3/17 969?Fairest Lord Jesus
  •  3/24  82 Hosanna (Palm Sunday)
  •  3/24     Sharon Kelley surprise birthday party 12:45pm
  •  3/29  19 Even the Heavens Are Weeping (7pm Good Friday)
  •  3/30     rehearse choir only (1pm, for those who want a refresher)
  •  3/30     rehearse with orchestra (1:30-3pm)
  •  3/31     And the Son Arose (Easter, call time 8am)
  •  4/ 7     Soon and Very Soon (hymn verse 1)
  •  4/14     God of Abraham Praise
  •  4/21 283 The King of Love My Shepherd Is
  •  4/28 174 When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
  •  5/12 981 Grace
  •  5/19 430 Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee
  •  5/26 432 Sing Unto the Lord
  •  6/ 8     Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  • 10/13 155 Glory in the Lord
  • 10/27     How Great Thou Art (with AMASE)
  • 11/ 3  85 I Surrender All
  • 11/10 880 Tenderly Calling
  • 11/17  35 Day By Day
  • 11/24 453 Let There Be Praise
  • 12/ 1 307 Joy in the Morning
  • 12/ 8 792 This Child Is
  • 12/15 927 This Holy Christmas Night
  • 12/22 921 Child in the Manger
  • 12/22 626 Angels Carol
  • 12/24 926 Mary Did You Know?
  • 12/24 927 This Holy Christmas Night

2012

  •  1/ 8 109 Beautiful Savior
  •  1/15 687 Alleluia (Saint Saens)
  •  1/22 939 When Peace Like a River
  •  1/29 985 The Lord My Pasture Will Prepare
  •  2/12 426 Assurance
  •  2/26 542 Lord, Listen to Your Children
  •  3/11 659 Psalm 98
  •  3/18 720 O Zion Haste
  •  3/25 568 In This Very Room
  •  4/ 1 957 Lamb of God
  •  4/ 6 890 Were You There?
  •  4/ 8 987 Resurrection Power
  •  4/ 8     Christ Is Risen
  •  4/15 224 Crown Him
  •  4/22 955 Where Your Treasure Is
  •  4/29  17 Lo, a Voice to Heaven Sounding
  •  5/ 6 683 Thou Art Worthy
  •  5/13 354 For the Beauty of the Earth
  •  5/20 915 Come, Thou Almighty King
  •  5/27     Soon-Ah Will Be Done
  •  6/ 3 Cupertino Chorus Magnus
  •           choir summer recess
  •  9/ 2 151 With a Voice of Singing
  •  9/ 9 827 Come Build a Church
  •  9/16  17 Lo, a Voice to Heaven Sounding
  •  9/23 338 Hem of Your Robe
  • 10/ 7 750 For the Beauty of the Earth
  • 10/14 981 Grace
  • 10/28 216 Holy Lord of Hosts
  • 11/ 4 939 When Peace Like a River
  • 11/11 353 Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee
  • 11/18 115 Come, Thou Fount of Every Blessing
  • 11/25 964 Now Thank We All Our God (probably not?)
  • 12/ 2     Coming of the Lord
  • 12/ 9     Waiting
  • 12/16     Night of the Father’s Love and Christ Is Born, Nowell

2011

  •  1/ 9  81 Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring
  •  1/ 9 675 Doxology
  •  1/16 149 Hem of Your Robe
  •  1/23 347 All Hail the Power of Jesus’ Name
  •  1/30 865 Be Still My Soul
  •  2/ 6 155 Glory in the Lord
  •  2/13 688 Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah
  •  2/20 949 Blessed Assurance
  •  3/ 6  12 Psalm 150
  •  3/20 875 Savior Like a Shepherd
  •  3/27 213 O For a Thousand Tongues
  •  4/10     Here I Am to Worship
  •  4/17 330 The Palms
  •  4/24 797 Jesus Christ Is Risen Today
  •  4/24 299 Halleluia Jesus Lives
  •  4/24     Hallelujah chorus
  •  5/ 1 916 Christ Is Alive
  •  5/ 8 386 This Is the Day
  •  5/15 915 Come Thou Almighty King
  •  5/22 157 Grace
  •  9/ 4 342 Let Heavenly Music Fill This Place
  •  9/11     Eternal Life (older hymnal 474)
  •  9/18     The King of Love My Shepherd Is
  •  9/25 427 God So Loved the World
  • 10/ 2 688 Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah; Joyful Joyful
  • 10/ 9 341 When Morning Guilds the Skies
  • 10/23 354 For the Beauty of the Earth
  • 10/30     In Thanksgiving Let Us Praise Him / We Are So Blessed
  • 11/13 615 Find Us Faithful
  • 11/20 418 Medley of Praise and Thanksgiving
  • 11/20     Raise the Song of Harvest Home
  • 12/ 4     O Come O Come Emmanuel (hymn 245 arrangement)
  • 12/11 926 Mary, Did You Know?
  • 12/18 715 Birthday of a King
  • 12/25 638 Peace, Peace

2010

  •  9/12 827 Come Build a Church
  •  9/25     dessert social
  •  9/26 625 Festival Piece on “Saint Anne”
  • 10/ 3 843 Sing Praise to the Lord
  • 10/10 426 Assurance
  • 10/17 115 Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing
  • 10/24 969 Fairest Lord Jesus
  • 10/31     We Are So Blessed (hymn 795)
  • 11/ 7 209 Sine Nomine (For All the Saints)
  • 11/21 964 Now Thank We All Our God
  • 11/28 354 For the Beauty of the Earth
  • 12/ 5     Lo How a Rose ‘ere Blooming
  • 12/12     Hark the Herald Angels Sing, and Child in the Manger
  • 12/19     Birthday of a King

Hymnal

Rehearsal Media

The media here are for our rehearsal use only. Please protect the intellectual property rights of the owners, and the legal stature of Valley Church, by not using them in any other way, or by passing them on to someone else. Note that these files are very large (around 50MB), so don’t try this with dialup! If your media player doesn’t show the video, or doesn’t work properly some other way, try a different one. I’ve had best luck with VLC, Rhythmbox (on Linux), Apple QuickTime and iTunes, but you could also try WinAmp, Windows Media Player, and others. Let Frank know your experiences. I’ll try making smaller MP3 files with a lower sampling rate. The tools I have right now can’t do it, or at least I do not yet know how.

Also try saving the MP4 file onto your computer (usually right mouse button on the link, and save link target). Then, using a file manager like Windows Explorer, right mouse button on the MP4 file, open with — choose program, check the “always use the selected program to open this kind of file” box, and choose the program you want to use. I have had the best luck with Apple Quicktime and iTunes. Follow the respective link to install.

Rather than emailing large files to Frank, please try using the Valley upload page instead.

Alphabetical Listing of Rehearsal Media

Ernie Lyon provided some rehearsal recordings. Hints:

  • If you use dialup, forget it.
  • Click each link. You should be able to play it directly in your browser. If you get some error message, tell me.
  • If you can’t play it directly, use the right mouse button on the link and save-as or save-link-target, and save it in an appropriate directory on your computer. Play it by (for example) double-clicking it in your file manager.
  • Can you hear audio from other sources? Can you play other music files?

These audio files are around a megabyte each, and have adequate audio quality for rehearsal purposes.

These are the big ones (tens to hundreds of megabytes).

Photo Gallery

BBQ September 2013

May 2011 Celebration

These photo composites are from our May 2011 end-of-season choir celebration. It was also an excuse to honor our retired (now deceased) choir librarian (the queen) for her 50 years of faithful service. 1 2 3 4.